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class="post-meta-date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">发表于</span><time class="post-meta-date-created" datetime="2021-02-22T12:09:32.000Z" title="发表于 2021-02-22 20:09:32">2021-02-22</time><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-history fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">更新于</span><time class="post-meta-date-updated" datetime="2021-02-22T12:46:34.751Z" title="更新于 2021-02-22 20:46:34">2021-02-22</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/%E5%90%8E%E7%AB%AF%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/">后端学习</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"> <span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-wordcount"><i class="far fa-file-word fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">字数总计:</span><span class="word-count">1.6k</span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="far fa-clock fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读时长:</span><span>5分钟</span></span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv"><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><h1 id="什么是Base64？："><a href="#什么是Base64？：" class="headerlink" title="什么是Base64？："></a>什么是Base64？：</h1><ul>
<li><h2 id="Base64的由来："><a href="#Base64的由来：" class="headerlink" title="Base64的由来："></a>Base64的由来：</h2><ul>
<li>目前Base64已经成为网络上常见的传输<strong>8Bit字节</strong>代码的编码方式之一。在做支付系统时，系统之间的报文交互都需要使用Base64对明文进行转码，然后再进行签名或加密，之后再进行（或再次Base64）传输。那么，Base64到底起到什么作用呢？</li>
<li>在参数传输的过程中经常遇到的一种情况：使用全英文的没问题，但一旦涉及到中文就会出现乱码情况。与此类似，网络上传输的字符并不全是可打印的字符，比如二进制文件、图片等。Base64的出现就是为了解决此问题，<strong>它是基于64个可打印的字符来表示二进制的数据的一种方法。</strong></li>
<li>电子邮件刚问世的时候，只能传输英文，但后来随着用户的增加，中文、日文等文字的用户也有需求，但这些字符并不能被服务器或网关有效处理，因此Base64就登场了。随之，Base64在URL、Cookie、网页传输少量二进制文件中也有相应的使用。</li>
</ul>
<hr>
</li>
<li><h2 id="Base64是什么？"><a href="#Base64是什么？" class="headerlink" title="Base64是什么？"></a>Base64是什么？</h2><ul>
<li>按照RFC2045的定义，Base64被定义为：<strong>Base64内容传送编码被设计用来把任意序列的8位字节描述为一种不易被人直接识别的形式。</strong>（The Base64 Content-Transfer-Encoding is designed to represent arbitrary sequences of octets in a form that need not be humanly readable.）</li>
</ul>
<hr>
</li>
<li><h2 id="Base64作用："><a href="#Base64作用：" class="headerlink" title="Base64作用："></a>Base64作用：</h2><ul>
<li>由于某些系统中只能使用ASCII字符。<strong>Base64就是用来将非ASCII字符的数据转换成ASCII字符的一种方法。</strong></li>
<li>base64特别适合在http，mime协议下快速传输数据。</li>
<li>base64其实不是安全领域下的加密解密算法。虽然有时候经常看到所谓的base64加密解密。<strong>其实base64只能算是一个编码算法，对数据内容进行编码来适合传输。</strong>虽然base64编码过后原文也变成不能看到的字符格式，但是这种方式很初级，很简单。</li>
</ul>
<hr>
</li>
<li><h2 id="Base64的编码原理："><a href="#Base64的编码原理：" class="headerlink" title="Base64的编码原理："></a>Base64的编码原理：</h2><ul>
<li><p>Base64的原理比较简单，每当我们使用Base64时都会先定义一个类似这样的数组：</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="string">&#x27;A&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;B&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;C&#x27;</span>, ... <span class="string">&#x27;a&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;b&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;c&#x27;</span>, ... <span class="string">&#x27;0&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;1&#x27;</span>, ... <span class="string">&#x27;+&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;/&#x27;</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>上面就是Base64的索引表，字符选用了<code>A-Z、a-z、0-9、+、/ </code> 64个可打印字符，这是标准的Base64协议规定。在日常使用中我们还会看到“=”或“==”号出现在Base64的编码结果中，**<code>=</code>在此是作为填充字符出现，后面会讲到。**</p>
</li>
<li><h4 id="具体转换步骤"><a href="#具体转换步骤" class="headerlink" title="具体转换步骤:"></a>具体转换步骤:</h4><ul>
<li><p>第一步，将待转换的字符串每三个字节分为一组，每个字节占8bit，那么共有24个二进制位。</p>
</li>
<li><p>第二步，将上面的24个二进制位每6个一组，共分为4组。</p>
</li>
<li><p>第三步，在每组前面添加两个0，每组由6个变为8个二进制位，总共32个二进制位，即四个字节。</p>
</li>
<li><p>第四步，根据Base64编码对照表（见下图）获得对应的值。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="number">0</span>　A　　<span class="number">17</span>　R　　　<span class="number">34</span>　i　　　<span class="number">51</span>　z</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span>　B　　<span class="number">18</span>　S　　　<span class="number">35</span>　j　　　<span class="number">52</span>　<span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span>　C　　<span class="number">19</span>　T　　　<span class="number">36</span>　k　　　<span class="number">53</span>　<span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">3</span>　D　　<span class="number">20</span>　U　　　<span class="number">37</span>　l　　　<span class="number">54</span>　<span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">4</span>　E　　<span class="number">21</span>　V　　　<span class="number">38</span>　m　　　<span class="number">55</span>　<span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span>　F　　<span class="number">22</span>　W　　　<span class="number">39</span>　n　　　<span class="number">56</span>　<span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">6</span>　G　　<span class="number">23</span>　X　　　<span class="number">40</span>　o　　　<span class="number">57</span>　<span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">7</span>　H　　<span class="number">24</span>　Y　　　<span class="number">41</span>　p　　　<span class="number">58</span>　<span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">8</span>　I　　<span class="number">25</span>　Z　　　<span class="number">42</span>　q　　　<span class="number">59</span>　<span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">9</span>　J　　<span class="number">26</span>　a　　　<span class="number">43</span>　r　　　<span class="number">60</span>　<span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">10</span>　K　　<span class="number">27</span>　b　　　<span class="number">44</span>　s　　 <span class="number">61</span>　<span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11</span>　L　　<span class="number">28</span>　c　　　<span class="number">45</span>　t　　 <span class="number">62</span>　+</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">12</span>　M　　<span class="number">29</span>　d　　　<span class="number">46</span>　u　　 <span class="number">63</span>　/</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">13</span>　N　　<span class="number">30</span>　e　　　<span class="number">47</span>　v</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">14</span>　O　　<span class="number">31</span>　f　　　<span class="number">48</span>　w　　　</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">15</span>　P　　<span class="number">32</span>　g　　　<span class="number">49</span>　x</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">16</span>　Q　　<span class="number">33</span>　h　　　<span class="number">50</span>　y</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>从上面的步骤我们发现：</p>
<ul>
<li>Base64字符表中的字符原本用6个bit就可以表示，现在前面添加2个0，变为8个bit，会造成一定的浪费。<strong>因此，Base64编码之后的文本，要比原文大约三分之一。</strong></li>
<li>为什么使用3个字节一组呢？因为6和8的最小公倍数为24，三个字节正好24个二进制位，每6个bit位一组，恰好能够分为4组。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h4 id="示例说明"><a href="#示例说明" class="headerlink" title="示例说明:"></a>示例说明:</h4><ul>
<li><p>以下图的表格为示例，我们具体分析一下整个过程:</p>
<p><img src= "/img/loading.gif" data-lazy-src="https://gitee.com/he_chaoming/blog_tuchuang/raw/master/20210222/W@SYHNaTfuMi.jpg"></p>
</li>
<li><p>第一步：“M”、“a”、”n”对应的ASCII码值分别为77，97，110，对应的二进制值是01001101、01100001、01101110。如图第二三行所示，由此组成一个24位的二进制字符串。</p>
</li>
<li><p>第二步：如图红色框，将24位每6位二进制位一组分成四组。</p>
</li>
<li><p>第三步：在上面每一组前面补两个0，扩展成32个二进制位，此时变为四个字节：00010011、00010110、00000101、00101110。分别对应的值（Base64编码索引）为：19、22、5、46。</p>
</li>
<li><p>第四步：用上面的值在Base64编码表中进行查找，分别对应：T、W、F、u。因此“Man”Base64编码之后就变为：TWFu。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h4 id="位数不足情况"><a href="#位数不足情况" class="headerlink" title="位数不足情况:"></a>位数不足情况:</h4><ul>
<li><p>上面是按照三个字节来举例说明的，如果字节数不足三个，那么该如何处理？</p>
<p><img src= "/img/loading.gif" data-lazy-src="https://gitee.com/he_chaoming/blog_tuchuang/raw/master/20210222/UF9V8umdD8ls.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>两个字节：</strong>两个字节共16个二进制位，依旧按照规则进行分组。此时总共16个二进制位，每6个一组，则第三组缺少2位，用0补齐，得到三个Base64编码，<strong>第四组完全没有数据则用“=”补上。因此，上图中“BC”转换之后为“QKM=”；</strong></p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>一个字节：</strong>一个字节共8个二进制位，依旧按照规则进行分组。此时共8个二进制位，每6个一组，则第二组缺少4位，用0补齐，得到两个Base64编码，而后面两组没有对应数据，都用“=”补上。因此，上图中“A”转换之后为“QQ==”；</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h4 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意事项:"></a>注意事项:</h4><ul>
<li><strong>大多数编码都是由字符串转化成二进制的过程</strong>，<strong>而Base64的编码则是从二进制转换为字符串。与常规恰恰相反。</strong></li>
<li>Base64编码主要用在传输、存储、表示二进制领域，不能算得上加密，只是无法直接看到明文。也可以通过打乱Base64编码来进行加密。</li>
<li>中文有多种编码（比如：utf-8、gb2312、gbk等），不同编码对应Base64编码结果都不一样。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h4 id="延伸："><a href="#延伸：" class="headerlink" title="延伸："></a>延伸：</h4><ul>
<li>上面我们已经看到了Base64就是用6位（2的6次幂就是64）表示字符，因此成为Base64。同理，Base32就是用5位，Base16就是用4位。可以按照上面的步骤进行演化一下。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
</article><div class="post-copyright"><div class="post-copyright__author"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章作者: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="mailto:undefined">六根清静</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__type"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章链接: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="https://liugenqingjing2.coding.me/2021/02/22/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AFBase64%EF%BC%9F/">https://liugenqingjing2.coding.me/2021/02/22/什么是Base64？/</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__notice"><span class="post-copyright-meta">版权声明: </span><span class="post-copyright-info">本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明来自 <a href="https://liugenqingjing2.coding.me" target="_blank">小何blog (记录美好)</a>！</span></div></div><div class="tag_share"><div class="post-meta__tag-list"><a class="post-meta__tags" href="/tags/Base64/">Base64</a></div><div class="post_share"><div 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class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AFBase64%EF%BC%9F%EF%BC%9A"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">什么是Base64？：</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Base64%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B1%E6%9D%A5%EF%BC%9A"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">Base64的由来：</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Base64%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%EF%BC%9F"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">Base64是什么？</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Base64%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%9A"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">Base64作用：</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Base64%E7%9A%84%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%EF%BC%9A"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">Base64的编码原理：</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%85%B7%E4%BD%93%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2%E6%AD%A5%E9%AA%A4"><span class="toc-number">1.4.0.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">具体转换步骤:</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B%E8%AF%B4%E6%98%8E"><span class="toc-number">1.4.0.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">示例说明:</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.4.0.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">位数不足情况:</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E4%BA%8B%E9%A1%B9"><span class="toc-number">1.4.0.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">注意事项:</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%EF%BC%9A"><span class="toc-number">1.4.0.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">延伸：</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="card-widget 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